Which of the following would be considered a secondary symptom of PTSD?

The identification of alcohol or drug abuse as a secondary symptom of PTSD is rooted in the understanding of how individuals cope with the distress caused by traumatic experiences. When individuals experience post-traumatic stress disorder, they often seek ways to numb the emotional pain and reduce anxiety associated with their traumatic memories. Substance abuse can serve as a maladaptive coping mechanism, providing temporary relief from overwhelming symptoms such as anxiety, flashbacks, or intrusive thoughts.

Secondary symptoms refer to those issues that arise as a result of the primary symptoms of PTSD. Therefore, while direct symptoms of PTSD may include flashbacks, nightmares, and hyperarousal, behaviors such as alcohol or drug abuse may develop as individuals attempt to manage their distress. This dependency can exacerbate the condition, creating a cycle that complicates the individual's recovery process.

In contrast, increased focus on tasks, heightened emotional stability, and consistent optimism are not typical responses associated with PTSD. These responses might indicate a healthier coping mechanism or resilience, rather than symptoms of the disorder, hence illustrating why they do not fit as secondary symptoms of PTSD.